Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
Volume 16, Issue 2 , Pages 134-144 , May 2007

Long-term follow up of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

  • Pietro Bagolan, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests and correspondence: Pietro Bagolan, MD, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4 00165 Rome, Italy.
    • ,
  • Francesco Morini, MD

References 

  1. Gross RE. Congenital hernia of the diaphragm. Am J Dis Child. 1946;71:579–592
  2. Gross RE. Congenital hernia of the diaphragm. In:  Gross RE editors. The Surgery of Infancy and Childhood: Its Principles and Techniques. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1953;p. 428–444
  3. Harrison MR, Bjordal RI, Langmark F, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the hidden mortality. J Pediatr Surg. 1978;13:227–230
  4. Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Estes JM, et al. A prospective study of the outcome for fetuses with diaphragmatic hernia. J Am Med Assoc. 1994;271:382–384
  5. Weber TR, Kountzman B, Dillon PA, et al. Improved survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia with evolving therapeutic strategies. Arch Surg. 1998;133:498–502
  6. Okuyama H, Kubota A, Oue T, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide with early surgery improves the outcome of antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:1188–1190
  7. Downard CD, Jaksic T, Garza JJ, et al. Analysis of an improved survival rate for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38:729–732
  8. Bagolan P, Casaccia G, Crescenzi F, et al. Impact of current treatment protocol on outcome of high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:313–318
  9. Javid PJ, Jaksic T, Skarsgard ED, et al. Survival rate in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the experience of the Canadian Neonatal Network. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:657–660
  10. Chiu PP, Sauer C, Mihailovic A, et al. The price of success in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: is improved survival accompanied by an increase in long-term morbidity?. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41:888–892
  11. Lund DP, Mitchell J, Kharasch V, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the hidden morbidity. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29:258–264
  12. Reid IS, Hutcherson RJ. Long-term follow-up of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1976;11:939–942
  13. Wohl ME, Griscom NT, Strieder DJ, et al. The lung following repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr. 1977;90:405–414
  14. Van Meurs KP, Newman KD, Anderson KD, et al. Effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on survival of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr. 1990;117:954–960
  15. D’Agostino JA, Bernbaum JC, Gerdes M, et al. Outcome for Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: the first year. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30:10–15
  16. Vanamo K, Rintala R, Sovijarvi A, et al. Long-term pulmonary sequelae in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:1096–1100
  17. Marven SS, Smith CM, Claxton D, et al. Pulmonary function, exercise performance, and growth in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Arch Dis Child. 1998;78:137–142
  18. Muratore CS, Kharasch V, Lund DP, et al. Pulmonary morbidity in 100 survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia monitored in a multidisciplinary clinic. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36:133–140
  19. Jaillard S, Pierrat V, Dubois A, et al. Outcome at 2 years of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a population-based study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:250–256
  20. Stefanutti G, Filippone M, Tommasoni N, et al. Cardiopulmonary anatomy and function in long-term survivors of mild to moderate congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:526–531
  21. Kamata S, Usui N, Kamiyama M, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40:1833–1838
  22. Trachsel D, Selvadurai H, Bohn D, et al. Long-term pulmonary morbidity in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;39:433–439
  23. Cortes RA, Keller RL, Townsend T, et al. Survival of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia has morbid consequences. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40:36–46
  24. Zaccara A, Turchetta A, Calzolari A, et al. Maximal oxygen consumption and stress performance in children operated on for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:1092–1094
  25. Davis PJ, Firmin RK, Manktelow B, et al. Long-term outcome following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the UK experience. J Pediatr. 2004;144:309–315
  26. Atkinson JB, Poon MW. ECMO and the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with large diaphragmatic defects requiring a prosthetic patch. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27:754–756
  27. Hedrick HL, Crombleholme TM, Flake AW, et al. Right congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prenatal assessment and outcome. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:319–323
  28. Crankson SJ, Jadaan SA, Namshan MA, et al. The immediate and long-term outcomes of newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int. 2006;22:335–340
  29. Ssemakula N, Stewart DL, Goldsmith LJ, et al. Survival of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia during the ECMO era: an 11-year experience. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32:1683–1689
  30. Van Meurs KP, Robbins ST, Reed VL, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: long-term outcome in neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr. 1993;122:893–899
  31. Okuyama H, Kubota A, Kawahara H, et al. Correlation between lung scintigraphy and long-term outcome in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41:882–886
  32. Kerr AA. Lung function in children after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Arch Dis Child. 1977;52:902–903
  33. Falconer AR, Brown RA, Helms P, et al. Pulmonary sequelae in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Thorax. 1990;45:126–129
  34. Wischermann A, Holschneider AM, Hubner U. Long-term follow-up of children with diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 1995;5:13–18
  35. Ijsselstijn H, Tibboel D, Hop WJC, et al. Long-term pulmonary sequelae in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:174–180
  36. Arena F, Baldari S, Centorrino A, et al. Mid- and long-term effects on pulmonary perfusion, anatomy and diaphragmatic motility in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int. 2005;21:954–959
  37. Bohn D, Tamura M, Perrin D, et al. Ventilatory predictors of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia, confirmed by morphologic assessment. J Pediatr. 1987;111:423–431
  38. Freyschuss U, Lannergren K, Frenckner B. Lung function after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1984;73:589–593
  39. Jeandot R, Lambert B, Brendel AJ, et al. Lung ventilation and perfusion scintigraphy in the follow up of repaired congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Nucl Med. 1989;15:591–596
  40. Nagaya M, Akatsuka H, Kato J, et al. Development in lung function of the affected side after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;3:349–356
  41. Reid L. 1976 Edward B.D. Neuhauser lecture: the lung: growth and remodeling in health and disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1977;129:777–788
  42. Hislop A, Reid L. Persistent hypoplasia of the lung after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Thorax. 1976;31:450–455
  43. Thurlbeck WM, Kida K, Langston C, et al. Postnatal lung growth after repair of diaphragmatic hernia. Thorax. 1979;34:338–343
  44. Tsang TM, Tam PK, Dudley NE, et al. Diaphragmatic agenesis as a distinct clinical entity. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30:16–18
  45. Moss RL, Chen CM, Harrison MR. Prosthetic patch durability in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a long-term follow-up study. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36:152–154
  46. Bernbaum J, Schwartz IP, Gerdes M, et al. Survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at 1 year of age: the relationship of primary diagnosis with health and neurodevelopmental sequelae. Pediatrics. 1995;96:907–913
  47. McGahren ED, Mallik K, Rodgers BM. Neurological outcome is diminished in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32:1216–1220
  48. Ahmad A, Gangitano E, Odell RM, et al. Survival, intracranial lesions, and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Perinatol. 1999;19:436–440
  49. Nield TA, Langenbacher D, Poulsen MK, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 3.5 years of age in children treated with extracorporeal life support: relationship to primary diagnosis. J Pediatr. 2000;136:338–344
  50. Stolar CJ, Crisafi MA, Driscoll YT. Neurocognitive outcome for neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: are infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia different?. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30:366–371
  51. Jaillard S, Pierrat V, Truffert P, et al. Two years’ follow-up of newborn infants after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2000;18:328–333
  52. Cohen SE, Parmelee AH, Beckwith L, et al. Cognitive development in preterm infants: birth to 8 years. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1986;7:102–110
  53. Garmezy N. Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. Am Behav Sci. 1991;34:416–430
  54. Sameroff AJ. Environmental risk factors in infancy. Pediatrics. 1998;102:1287–1292
  55. Dotta A, Rechichi J, Campi F, et al. Effects of surgical repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia on cerebral hemodynamics evaluated by near-infrared spectroscopy. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40:1748–1752
  56. Campi F, Braguglia A, Rechichi J, et al. Effects of different phases of surgical intervention for congenital diaphragmatic hernia on cerebral oxygenation by near infrared spectroscopy. 2006;Program and abstracts of the 53rd Annual Congress of the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons. Stockholm, Sweden, (abstr 071)
  57. Reickert CA, Hirschl RB. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. In:  Stringer MD,  Oldham KT,  Mouriquand PDE, et al. editor. Pediatric Surgery and Urology: Long Term Outcomes. London: W.B. Saunders; 1998;p. 131–137(chap 12)
  58. Nobuhara KK, Lund DP, Mitchell J, et al. Long-term outlook for survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Clin Perinat. 1996;23:873–887
  59. Rasheed A, Tindall S, Cueny DL, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome after congenital diaphragmatic hernia: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before and after surgery. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36:539–544
  60. Robertson CM, Tyebkhan JM, Hagler ME, et al. Late-onset, progressive sensorineural hearing loss after severe neonatal respiratory failure. Otol Neurotol. 2002;23:353–356
  61. Fligor BJ, Neault MW, Mullen CH, et al. Factors associated with sensorineural hearing loss among survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1519–1528
  62. Masi R, Capolupo I, Casaccia G, et al. Sensorineural hearing loss is frequent and progressive in infants with high risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia not treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. 2006;Program and abstracts of the 53rd Annual Congress of the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons. Stockholm, Sweden, (abstr 072)
  63. Walton JP, Hendricks-Munoz K. Profile and stability of sensorineural hearing loss in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. J Speech Hear Res. 1991;34:1362–1370
  64. Hunt RW, Kean MJ, Stewart MJ, et al. Patterns of cerebral injury in a series of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia utilizing magnetic resonance imaging. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:31–36
  65. Muratore CS, Utter S, Jaksic T, et al. Nutritional morbidity in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36:1171–1176
  66. West SD, Wilson JM. Follow up of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Perinatol. 2005;29:129–133
  67. Stolar CJH, Levy JP, Dillon PW, et al. Anatomic and functional abnormalities of the esophagus in infants surviving congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Surg. 1990;159:204–207
  68. Muratore CS, Wilson JM. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: where are we and where do we go from here?. Semin Perinatol. 2000;24:418–428
  69. Sigalet DL, Nguyen LT, Aldolph , et al. Gastroesophageal reflux associated with large diaphragmatic hernias. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;34:1262–1265
  70. Rais-Bahrami K, Robbins ST, Reed VL, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: outcome of preoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clin Pediat. 1995;34:471–474
  71. Schoeman L, Pierro A, Macrae D, et al. Late death after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediat Surg. 1999;34:357–359
  72. Koot VC, Bergmeijer JH, Bos AP, et al. Incidence and management of gastroesophageal reflux after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28:48–53
  73. Kieffer J, Sapin E, Berg A, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30:1330–1335
  74. Nagaya M, Akatsuka H, Kato J. Gastroesophageal reflux occurring after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29:1447–1451
  75. Qi B, Soto C, Diez-Pardo JA, et al. An experimental study on the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux after repair of diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32:1310–1313
  76. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the neonatologist’s perspective. Pediatr Rev. 1999;20:e79–e87
  77. Naik S, Greenough A, Zhang Y, et al. Prediction of morbidity during infancy after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:1651–1654
  78. Betremieux P, Lionnais S, Beuchée A, et al. Perinatal management and outcome pf prenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia : a 1995-2000 series in Rennes University Hosiptal. Prenat Diagn. 2002;22:988–994
  79. de Larminat V, Montravers P, Dureuil B, et al. Alteration in swallowing reflex after extubation in intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:486–490
  80. Kohr LM, Dargan M, Hague A, et al. The incidence of dysphagia in pediatric patients after open heart procedures with transesophageal echocardiography. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:1450–1456
  81. Ramsay M, Gisel EG. Neonatal sucking and maternal feeding practices. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1996;38:34–47
  82. Gail C, Gartside PS, Greenberg JM, et al. A feeding protocol for healthy preterm infants that shortens time to oral feeding. J Pediatr. 2001;139:371–379
  83. Vanamo K, Rintala RJ, Lindahl H, et al. Long-term gastrointestinal morbidity in patients with congenital diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:551–554
  84. Colvin J, Bower C, Diskinson JE, et al. Outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a population-based study in western australia. Pediatrics. 2005;116:356–363
  85. Festen C. Postoperative small bowel obstruction in infants and children. Ann Surg. 1982;196:580–583
  86. Janik JS, Ein SH, Filler RM, et al. An assessment of the surgical treatment of adhesive small bowel obstruction in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg. 1981;16:225–229
  87. Ross Russell RI, Greenough A, Chan V, et al. Diaphragmatic hypoplasia in association with hypoplastic lungs. Pediatric Pulmonol. 1992;13:181–183
  88. Price MR, Butler M, Gil J, et al. Altered diaphragm function modifies neonatal lung growth: biologic morphometric assessment. J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28:478–483
  89. De Boeck K, Smith J, Van Lierde S, et al. Flat chest in survivors of bronchopulmonary displasia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;18:104–107
  90. Mukhtar Z, Sudhakaran N, Wheeler RA. Thoracic musculoskeletal deformities in children with repaired diaphragmatic hernia. 2006;Program and abstracts of the 53rd Annual Congress of the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons. Stockholm, Sweden, (abstr 081)
  91. Vanamo K, Peltonen J, Rintala R, et al. Chest wall and spinal deformities in adults with congenital diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:851–854
  92. Huddy CL, Boyd PA, Wilkinson AR, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prenatal diagnosis, outcome and continuing morbidity in survivors. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;106:1192–1196
  93. Stokes IAF, Labile JP. Three-dimensional osseo-ligamentous model of the thorax representing initiation of scoliosis by asymmetric growth. J Biomechanics. 1990;23:589–595
  94. Nordwall A. Studies in idiopathic scoliosis relevant to etiology, conservative and operative treatment. Acta Orthop Scand. 1973;150(suppl):1–178
  95. Wilson IB, Cleary PD. Linking clinical variables with health-related quality of life (A conceptual model of patient outcomes). J Am Med Assoc. 1995;273:59–65
  96. Poley MJ, Stolk EA, Tibboel D, et al. Short term and long term health related quality of life after congenital anorectal malformations and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:836–841
  97. Poley MJ, Stolk EA, Tibboel D, et al. The cost-effectiveness of treatment for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:1245–1252
  98. Metkus AP, Esserman L, Sola A, et al. Cost per anomaly: what does a diaphragmatic hernia cost?. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30:226–230

PII: S1055-8586(07)00010-8

doi: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2007.01.009

Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
Volume 16, Issue 2 , Pages 134-144 , May 2007

Article Tools