Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
Volume 16, Issue 1 , Pages 58-63 , February 2007

Current management of the acute scrotum

  • John M. Gatti, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests and correspondence: John M. Gatti, MD, University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Medicine, Department of Surgery/Urology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108.
  • ,
  • J. Patrick Murphy, MD

References 

  1. Baker LA, Sigman D, Mathews RI, et al. An analysis of clinical outcomes using color doppler testicular ultrasound for testicular torsion. Pediatrics. 2000;105(3):604–607
  2. Ballesteros Sampol JJ, Munne A, Bosch A. A vas aberrans torsion. Br J Urol. 1986;58(1):97
  3. Bartsch G, Frank S, Marberger H, et al. Testicular torsion: late results with special regard to fertility and endocrine function. J Urol. 1980;124(3):375–378
  4. Beard CM, Benson RC, Kelalis PP, et al. The incidence and outcome of mumps orchitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 to 1974. Mayo Clin Proc. 1977;52(1):3–7
  5. Bellinger MF, Abromowitz H, Brantley S, et al. Orchiopexy: an experimental study of the effect of surgical technique on testicular histology. J Urol. 1989;142(2):553–555discussion 572.
  6. Bentley DF, Ricchiuti DJ, Nasrallah PF, et al. Spermatic cord torsion with preserved testis perfusion: initial anatomical observations. J Urol. 2004;172(6):2373–2376
  7. Ciftci AO, Senocak ME, Tanyel FC, et al. Clinical predictors for differential diagnosis of acute scrotum. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2004;14(5):333–338
  8. Clark WR, Kramer SA. Henoch-Schonlein purpura and the acute scrotum. J Pediatr Surg. 1986;21(11):991–992
  9. Colt G. Torsion of the hydatid of Morgagni. Br J Surg. 1922;9:464
  10. Cosentino MJ, Nishida M, Rabinowitz R, et al. Histological changes occurring in the contralateral testes of prepubertal rats subjected to various durations of unilateral spermatic cord torsion. J Urol. 1985;133(5):906–911
  11. Dresner ML. Torsed appendage (Diagnosis and management: blue dot sign). Urology. 1973;1(1):63–66
  12. Hutson J. Undescended testis, torsion, and varicocele. In:  Grosfeld JL,  O’Neill JA,  Coran AG, et al. editor. Pediatric Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2006;p. 1193–1214
  13. Kalfa N, Veyrac C, Baud C, et al. Ultrasonography of the spermatic cord in children with testicular torsion: impact on the surgical strategy. J Urol. 2004;172(4):1692–1695discussion 1695.
  14. Karmazyn B, Steinberg R, Kornreich L, et al. Clinical and sonographic criteria of acute scrotum in children: a retrospective study of 172 boys. Pediatr Radiol. 2005;35(3):302–310
  15. Karmazyn B, Steinberg R, Livne P, et al. Duplex sonographic findings in children with torsion of the testicular appendages: overlap with epididymitis and epididymoorchitis. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41(3):500–504
  16. Kiesling VJ, Schroeder DE, Pauljev P, et al. Spermatic cord block and manual reduction: primary treatment for spermatic cord torsion. J Urol. 1984;132(5):921–923
  17. King P, Sripathi P. The acute scrotum. In:  Ashcraft KW,  Holcomb GW,  Murphy JP editor. Pediatric Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2005;p. 717–722
  18. Loh HS, Jalan OM. Testicular torsion in Henoch–Schonlein syndrome. BMJ. 1974;2(910):96–97
  19. McAndrew HF, Pemberton R, Kikiros CS, et al. The incidence and investigation of acute scrotal problems in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2002;18(5-6):435–437
  20. Mor Y, Pinthus JH, Nadu A, et al. Testicular fixation following torsion of the spermatic cord: does it guarantee prevention of recurrent torsion events?. J Urol. 2006;175(1):171–173discussion 173-4.
  21. Murphy J. The acute scrotum. In:  Ziegler MM,  Azizkhan RG,  Weber TR editor. Operative Pediatric Surgery. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003;p. 563–567
  22. Nagler HM, White RD. The effect of testicular torsion on the contralateral testis. J Urol. 1982;128(6):1343–1348
  23. Nelson CP, Williams JF, Bloom DA. The cremasteric reflex: a useful but imperfect sign in testicular torsion. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38(8):1248–1249
  24. Nussbaum Blask AR, Bulas D, Shalaby-Rana E, et al. Color Doppler sonography and scintigraphy of the testis: a prospective, comparative analysis in children with acute scrotal pain. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2002;18(2):67–71
  25. Olguner M, Akgur FM, Aktug T, et al. Bilateral asynchronous perinatal testicular torsion: a case report. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35(9):1348–1349
  26. Orazi C, Fariello G, Malena S, et al. Torsion of paradidymis or Giraldes’ organ: an uncommon cause of acute scrotum in pediatric age group. J Clin Ultrasound. 1989;17(8):598–601
  27. Rabinowitz R. The importance of the cremasteric reflex in acute scrotal swelling in children. J Urol. 1984;132(1):89–90
  28. Rabinowitz R, Hulbert WC. Acute scrotal swelling. Urol Clin North Am. 1995;22(1):101–105
  29. Rodriguez LE, Kaplan GW. An experimental study of methods to produce intrascrotal testicular fixation. J Urol. 1988;139(3):565–567
  30. Rolnick D, Kawanoue S, Szanto P, et al. Anatomical incidence of testicular appendages. J Urol. 1968;100(6):755–756
  31. Samnakay N, Cohen RJ, Orford J, et al. Androgen and oestrogen receptor status of the human appendix testis. Pediatr Surg Int. 2003;19(7):520–524
  32. Sessions AE, Rabinowitz R, Hulbert WC, et al. Testicular torsion: direction, degree, duration and disinformation. J Urol. 2003;169(2):663–665
  33. Somekh E, Gorenstein A, Serour F. Acute epididymitis in boys: evidence of a post-infectious etiology. J Urol. 2004;171(1):391–394discussion 394.
  34. Soreide K. Surgical management of nonrenal genitourinary manifestations in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40(8):1243–1247
  35. Sorensen MD, Galansky SH, Striegl AM, et al. Prenatal bilateral extravaginal testicular torsion: a case presentation. Pediatr Surg Int. 2004;20(11-12):892–893
  36. Sorensen MD, Galansky SH, Striegl AM, et al. Perinatal extravaginal torsion of the testis in the first month of life is a salvageable event. Urology. 2003;62(1):132–134
  37. Stillwell TJ, Kramer SA. Intermittent testicular torsion. Pediatrics. 1986;77(6):908–911
  38. Stone KT, Kass EJ, Cacciarelli AA, et al. Management of suspected antenatal torsion: what is the best strategy?. J Urol. 1995;153(3 Pt 1):782–784
  39. Thind P, Brandt B, Kristensen JK. Assessment of voiding dysfunction in men with acute epididymitis. Urol Int. 1992;48(3):320–322
  40. Wu HC, Sun SS, Kao A, et al. Comparison of radionuclide imaging and ultrasonography in the differentiation of acute testicular torsion and inflammatory testicular disease. Clin Nucl Med. 2002;27(7):490–493

PII: S1055-8586(06)00083-7

doi: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2006.10.008

Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
Volume 16, Issue 1 , Pages 58-63 , February 2007