Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
Volume 14, Issue 1 , Pages 34-41 , February 2005

The surgical treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux in neonates and infants

  • Maurizio Pacilli, MD
    • ,
  • Moti M. Chowdhury, MB, ChB MRCS (Glasg)
    • ,
  • Agostino Pierro, MD (FRCS (Eng) FRCS (Ed), FAAP)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests and correspondence: Professor Agostino Pierro, Department of Surgery, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.

References 

  1. Newell SJ , Booth IW , Morgan ME , et al.   Gastro-oesophageal reflux in preterm infants . Arch Dis Child . 1989;64:780–786
  2. El Mouzan MI , Abdullah AM , Al Sanie AM , et al.   Pattern of gastroesophageal reflux in children . Saudi Med J . 2001;22:419–422
  3. Bagucka B , De Schepper J , Peelman M , et al.   Acid gastro-esophageal reflux in the 10 degrees-reversed-Trendelenburg-position in supine sleeping infants . Acta Paediatr Taiwan . 1999;40:298–301
  4. Fonkalsrud EW , Ashcraft KW , Coran AG , et al.   Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in children (A combined hospital study of 7467 patients) . Pediatrics . 1998;101:419–422
  5. Inge TH , Carmeci C , Ohara LJ , et al.   Outcome of Nissen fundoplication using intraoperative manometry in children . J Pediatr Surg . 1998;33:1614–1617
  6. Rice H , Seashore JH , Touloukian RJ . Evaluation of Nissen fundoplication in neurologically impaired children . J Pediatr Surg . 1991;26:697–701
  7. Fung KP , Seagram G , Pasieka J . Investigation and outcome of 121 infants and children requiring Nissen fundoplication for the management of gastroesophageal reflux . Clin Invest Med . 1990;13:237–246
  8. Spitz L , Kirtane J . Results and complications of surgery for gastro-oesophageal reflux . Arch Dis Child . 1985;60:743–747
  9. Turnage RH , Oldham KT , Coran AG , et al.   Late results of fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children . Surgery . 1989;105:457–464
  10. Vane DW , Harmel RP , King DR , et al.   The effectiveness of Nissen fundoplication in neurologically impaired children with gastroesophageal reflux . Surgery . 1985;98:662–667
  11. Omari TI , Barnett C , Snel A , et al.   Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in healthy premature infants . J Pediatr . 1998;133:650–654
  12. Cadiot G , Bruhat A , Rigaud D , et al.   Multivariate analysis of pathophysiological factors in reflux oesophagitis . Gut . 1997;40:167–174
  13. Koivusalo A , Rintala R , Lindahl H . Gastroesophageal reflux in children with a congenital abdominal wall defect . J Pediatr Surg . 1999;34:1127–1129
  14. Rasheed K , Coughlan G , O’Donnell B . Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the newborn. Outcome in 59 consecutive cases over a ten year period (1980–1989) . Ir J Med Sci . 1992;161:16–17
  15. Carre IJ . The natural history of the partial thoracic stomach (hiatus hernia) in children . Arch Dis Child . 1959;34:344–353
  16. Boyle JT . Gastroesophageal reflux in the pediatric patient . Gastroenterol Clin North Am . 1989;18:315–337
  17. Tolia V , Wuerth A , Thomas R . Gastroesophageal reflux disease (review of presenting symptoms, evaluation, management, and outcome in infants) . Dig Dis Sci . 2003;48:1723–1729
  18. Boix-Ochoa J , Canals J . Maturation of the lower esophagus . J Pediatr Surg . 1976;11:749–756
  19. Fonkalsrud EW , Ament ME . Gastroesophageal reflux in childhood . Curr Probl Surg . 1996;33:1–70
  20. Kazerooni NL , VanCamp J , Hirschl RB , et al.   Fundoplication in 160 children under 2 years of age . J Pediatr Surg . 1994;29:677–681
  21. Kimber C , Kiely EM , Spitz L . The failure rate of surgery for gastro-oesophageal reflux . J Pediatr Surg . 1998;33:64–66
  22. Sondheimer JM , Morris BA . Gastroesophageal reflux among severely retarded children . J Pediatr . 1979;94:710–714
  23. St Cyr JA , Ferrara TB , Thompson TR , et al.   Nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux in infants . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1986;92:661–666
  24. Jolley SG , Johnson DG , Roberts CC , et al.   Patterns of gastroesophageal reflux in children following repair of esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula . J Pediatr Surg . 1980;15:857–862
  25. Parker AF , Christie DL , Cahill JL . Incidence and significance of gastroesophageal reflux following repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula and the need for anti-reflux procedures . J Pediatr Surg . 1979;14:5–8
  26. Snyder CL , Ramachandran V , Kennedy AP , et al.   Efficacy of partial wrap fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux after repair of esophageal atresia . J Pediatr Surg . 1997;32:1089–1091
  27. Wheatley MJ , Coran AG , Wesley JR . Efficacy of the Nissen fundoplication in the management of gastroesophageal reflux following esophageal atresia repair . J Pediatr Surg . 1993;28:53–55
  28. Mollitt DL , Golladay ES , Seibert JJ . Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux following gastrostomy in neurologically impaired patients . Pediatrics . 1985;75:1124–1126
  29. Papaila JG , Vane DW , Colville C , et al.   The effect of various types of gastrostomy on the lower esophageal sphincter . J Pediatr Surg . 1987;22:1198–1202
  30. Jolley SG , Tunell WP , Hoelzer DJ , et al.   Lower esophageal pressure changes with tube gastrostomy (A causative factor of gastroesophageal reflux in children?) . J Pediatr Surg . 1986;21:624–627
  31. Krishnan U , Mitchell JD , Tobias V , et al.   Fat laden macrophages in tracheal aspirates as a marker of reflux aspiration (A negative report) . J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr . 2002;35:309–313
  32. Knauer-Fischer S , Ratjen F . Lipid-laden macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as a marker for pulmonary aspiration . Pediatr Pulmonol . 1999;27:419–422
  33. Bailey DJ , Andres JM , Danek GD , et al.   Lack of efficacy of thickened feeding as treatment for gastroesophageal reflux . J Pediatr . 1987;110:187–189
  34. Khoshoo V , Fried M , Pencharz P . Incidence of gastroesophageal reflux with casein and whey-based formulas . J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr . 1993;17:116–117
  35. Orenstein SR , Magill HL , Brooks P . Thickening of infant feedings for therapy of gastroesophageal reflux . J Pediatr . 1987;110:181–186
  36. Vandenplas Y , Hachimi-Idrissi S , Casteels A , et al.   A clinical trial with an “anti-regurgitation” formula . Eur J Pediatr . 1994;153:419–423
  37. Carroll AE , Garrison MM , Christakis DA . A systematic review of nonpharmacological and nonsurgical therapies for gastroesophageal reflux in infants . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 2002;156:109–113
  38. Orenstein SR , Whitington PF , Orenstein DM . The infant seat as treatment for gastroesophageal reflux . N Engl J Med . 1983;309:760–763
  39. Orenstein SR . Prone positioning in infant gastroesophageal reflux (is elevation of the head worth the trouble?) . J Pediatr . 1990;117:184–187
  40. Herbst JJ , Minton SD , Book LS . Gastroesophageal reflux causing respiratory distress and apnea in newborn infants . J Pediatr . 1979;95:763–768
  41. Spitzer AR , Boyle JT , Tuchman DN , et al.   Awake apnea associated with gastroesophageal reflux (A specific clinical syndrome) . J Pediatr . 1984;104:200–205
  42. Walsh JK , Farrell MK , Keenan WJ , et al.   Gastroesophageal reflux in infants (Relation to apnea) . J Pediatr . 1981;99:197–201
  43. Marino AJ , Assing E , Carbone MT , et al.   The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants . J Perinatol . 1995;15:369–371
  44. Sheikh S , Stephen TC , Sisson B . Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in infants with recurrent brief apneic episodes . Can Respir J . 1999;6:401–404
  45. Hoyoux C , Forget P , Lambrechts L , et al.   Chronic bronchopulmonary disease and gastroesophageal reflux in children . Pediatr Pulmonol . 1985;1:149–153
  46. Sindel BD , Maisels MJ , Ballantine TV . Gastroesophageal reflux to the proximal esophagus in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia . Am J Dis Child . 1989;143:1103–1106
  47. Malfroot A , Vandenplas Y , Verlinden M , et al.   Gastroesophageal reflux and unexplained chronic respiratory disease in infants and children . Pediatr Pulmonol . 1987;3:208–213
  48. Akinola E , Rosenkrantz TS , Pappagallo M , et al.   Gastroesophageal reflux in infants <32 weeks gestational age at birth (Lack of relationship to chronic lung disease) . Am J Perinatol . 2004;21:57–62
  49. Puntis JW , Thwaites R , Abel G , et al.   Children with neurological disorders do not always need fundoplication concomitant with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy . Dev Med Child Neurol . 2000;42:97–99
  50. Randolph J . Experience with the Nissen fundoplication for correction of gastroesophageal reflux in infants . Ann Surg . 1983;198:579–584
  51. Shub MD , Ulshen MH , Hargrove CB , et al.   Esophagitis (A frequent consequence of gastroesophageal reflux in infancy) . J Pediatr . 1985;107:881–884
  52. Humphrey GM , Najmaldin AS . Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in disabled infants and children . J Pediatr Surg . 1996;31:596–599
  53. Meehan JJ , Georgeson KE . Laparoscopic fundoplication in infants and children . Surg Endosc . 1996;10:1154–1157
  54. Rothenberg SS . Experience with 220 consecutive laparoscopic Nissen fundoplications in infants and children . J Pediatr Surg . 1998;33:274–278
  55. Thompson WR , Hicks BA , Guzzetta PC . Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in the infant . J Laparoendosc Surg . 1996;6(suppl 1):S5–S7
  56. Esposito C , Montupet P , Reinberg O . Laparoscopic surgery for gastroesophageal reflux disease during the first year of life . J Pediatr Surg . 2001;36:715–717
  57. Somme S , Rodriguez JA , Kirsch DG , et al.   Laparoscopic versus open fundoplication in infants . Surg Endosc . 2002;16:54–56
  58. Zamir O , Udassin R , Seror D , et al.   Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in children under 2 years of age . Surg Endosc . 1997;11:1202–1205
  59. The Netherlands Antireflux Surgery Study Group Bais JE , Bartelsman JF , Bonjer HJ , et al.   Laparoscopic or conventional Nissen fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (Randomised clinical trial) . Lancet . 2000;355:170–174
  60. Chrysos E , Tsiaoussis J , Athanasakis E , et al.   Laparoscopic vs open approach for Nissen fundoplication. A comparative study . Surg Endosc . 2002;16:1679–1684
  61. Heikkinen TJ , Haukipuro K , Koivukangas P , et al.   Comparison of costs between laparoscopic and open Nissen fundoplication (A prospective randomized study with a 3-month followup) . J Am Coll Surg . 1999;188:368–376
  62. Heikkinen TJ , Haukipuro K , Sorasto A , et al.   Short-term symptomatic outcome and quality of life after laparoscopic versus open Nissen fundoplication (A prospective randomized trial) . Int J Surg Invest . 2000;2:33–39
  63. Heikkinen TJ , Haukipuro K , Bringman S , et al.   Comparison of laparoscopic and open Nissen fundoplication 2 years after operation. A prospective randomized trial . Surg Endosc . 2000;14:1019–1023
  64. Laine S , Rantala A , Gullichsen R , et al.   Laparoscopic vs conventional Nissen fundoplication. A prospective randomized study . Surg Endosc . 1997;11:441–444
  65. Luostarinen M , Virtanen J , Koskinen M , et al.   Dysphagia and oesophageal clearance after laparoscopic versus open Nissen fundoplication. A randomized, prospective trial . Scand J Gastroenterol . 2001;36:565–571
  66. Nilsson G , Larsson S , Johnsson F . Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic versus open fundoplication (Blind evaluation of recovery and discharge period) . Br J Surg . 2000;87:873–878
  67. Nilsson G , Larsson S , Johnsson F . Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic versus open fundoplication (evaluation of psychological well-being and changes in everyday life from a patient perspective) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 2002;37:385–391
  68. Nilsson G , Wenner J , Larsson S , et al.   Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic versus open fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux . Br J Surg . 2004;91:552–559
  69. Sietses C , Wiezer MJ , Eijsbouts QA , et al.   A prospective randomized study of the systemic immune response after laparoscopic and conventional Nissen fundoplication . Surgery . 1999;126:5–9
  70. Wenner J , Nilsson G , Oberg S , et al.   Short-term outcome after laparoscopic and open 360 degrees fundoplication. A prospective randomized trial . Surg Endosc . 2001;15:1124–1128
  71. McHoney M , Corizia L , Eaton S , et al.   Carbon dioxide elimination during laparoscopy in children is age dependent . J Pediatr Surg . 2003;38:105–110
  72. Dagash H , Chowdhury M , Pierro A . When can I be proficient in laparoscopic surgery? A systematic review of the evidence . J Pediatr Surg . 2003;38:720–724
  73. Krishnamoorthy M , Mintz A , Liem T , et al.   Diagnosis and treatment of respiratory symptoms of initially unsuspected gastroesophageal reflux in infants . Am Surg . 1994;60:783–785
  74. Giuffre RM , Rubin S , Mitchell I . Antireflux surgery in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia . Am J Dis Child . 1987;141:648–651
  75. Hrabovsky EE , Mullett MD . Gastroesophageal reflux and the premature infant . J Pediatr Surg . 1986;21:583–587
  76. Barnes N , Robertson N , Lakhoo K . Anti-reflux surgery for the neonatal intensive care-dependent infant . Early Hum Dev . 2003;75:71–78
  77. Justo RN , Gray PH . Fundoplication in preterm infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux . J Paediatr Child Health . 1991;27:250–254
  78. Rowe VL , Krishnamoorthy M , Applebaum H . Operative treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in low birth weight infants . Am Surg . 1995;61:874–876
  79. Dedinsky GK , Vane DW , Black T , et al.   Complications and reoperation after Nissen fundoplication in childhood . Am J Surg . 1987;153:177–183
  80. Dalla Vecchia LK , Grosfeld JL , West KW , et al.   Reoperation after Nissen fundoplication in children with gastroesophageal reflux (Experience with 130 patients) . Ann Surg . 1997;226:315–321
  81. St Cyr JA , Ferrara TB , Thompson T , et al.   Treatment of pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux in children two years of age or less . Am J Surg . 1989;157:400–403
  82. Kubiak R , Spitz L , Kiely EM , et al.   Effectiveness of fundoplication in early infancy . J Pediatr Surg . 1999;34:295–299
  83. Curci MR , Dibbins AW . Problems associated with a Nissen fundoplication following tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia repair . Arch Surg . 1988;123:618–620
  84. Lindahl H , Rintala R , Louhimo I . Failure of the Nissen fundoplication to control gastroesophageal reflux in esophageal atresia patients . J Pediatr Surg . 1989;24:985–987
  85. Fonkalsrud EW , Bustorff-Silva J , Perez CA , et al.   Antireflux surgery in children under 3 months of age . J Pediatr Surg . 1999;34:527–531
  86. Ashcraft KW , Goodwin CD , Amoury RW , et al.   Thal fundoplication (A simple and safe operative treatment for gastroesophageal reflux) . J Pediatr Surg . 1978;13:643–647

PII: S1055-8586(04)00079-4

doi: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2004.10.023

Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
Volume 14, Issue 1 , Pages 34-41 , February 2005

Article Tools